Turkey and Brazil: the connections and the mismatches

Miles apart, they don’t share language, culture, religion or a common colonial past. But despite that, both Brazil and Turkey are under unrest at the moment. Citizen movements that mirror on the Occupy movement and the Arab Spring have flourished and are gaining momentum from Rio to Istanbul. But what makes them different and what do they share?

Differences

Where they come from and where they go to

Brazil and Turkey were never in the spotlight. They always have been important regional powerhouses, but they lacked the support of an important global player like the EU. However, in the past decade both countries have gained relevance and economical power of their own and now can fight as equals with the EU (Turkey) or even in a global scene (Brazil).

However, while Brazil is much more independent to act, Turkey must look closely its actions if it wants to join the EU. The backlash against the protests has not improved the prospects of accession to the Union for the Turks.

The flame and the spark that ignited the flame

In Brazil it always has been about money. It all started with a 10-cent hike in public transport prices. But soon it grew to cope with the widespread frustration over a whole set of economic issues, from high taxes to wasteful expenses for two major sporting events (2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics).

CS Gas canister; made in Brazil, used in Turkey

In Turkey it always was about defending secularism. Sure, the spark of the unrest was the proposal to uproot some trees to redevelop the area into a mall -or a mosque. But deep within the protesters demands is the fear of a Islamisation of Erdogan’s government. Recent laws passed with restrictions on the sale and advertising of alcohol and an attempt to limit women's access to abortion are deeper roots into the protests than the roots of the trees in Taksim. 

In both cases, however, the initial spark that ignited the unrest was a mere catalyst of a reaction years in the making.

The countries’ leaders

The Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdogan has become the target of the ire of the protesters. They blame him and his party for his policies. The response from Erdogan has been a stronger crackdown on the protesters. It is now a very public struggle: Erdogan and his party against a myriad of other groups that include ecologists, LGBT rights supporters and Kurdish independentists among others.

On the other hand, Dilma Rousseff, a former leftist guerrillera who was imprisoned and tortured during Brazil's 1964-85 dictatorship, hailed the protests for raising questions and strengthening Brazil's democracy. Unlike Turkey's leader, Rousseff remains popular among many of the protesters.

Epicenter vs. dispersion.

Turkey has a clear HQ for its unrest: Taksim square. In Brazil it is a bit more distributed. Sao Paulo and Rio have held multitudinous demonstrations that travelled through the city. In the case of Turkey, it has been a fight -and a proper one- for the control of Taksim square, the symbol of the protest and where it all started.

Similarities

The protests started outside the capital

All the previous revolutions started and took shape in the country’s capitals. Tehran, Cairo, Athens, Madrid… Both Brazil and Turkey have administrative capitals that aren’t the main city in the country. And for both of them, it wasn’t in the capitals but in those others main cities where it all started. Rio and Sao Paulo in Brazil and Istanbul in Turkey have been from the beginning the beachheads for their countries revolutions.

A growing middle-class…

The fast growing economies in Brazil and Turkey have created a new middle-class that previously was really small. This new middle-class is better educated, better informed and more ambitious. The problem is that the upper tiers in the Turkish and Brazilian societies have won much more purchasing power than the middle-classes; thus widening the gap. This is the opposite to the case of Spain and Greece, where no one has won purchasing power (there it is a case of the middle-classes losing more than the upper tiers).

…but also growing inequality

Despite the economic growth, the gini index has gotten bigger for both of them. This shows the increasing inequality that the population in both Turkey and Brazil are facing. The gap between the top and the bottom is getting wider, and the scale is stretching so much that the space in between for the middle-class is endangered.

The police crackdown on protesters

Both unrests have been met with equal hard measures. Batons, water cannons, rubber bullets and gas canisters have been used by both governments to suppress the demonstrations. In an episode of twisted irony, protesters in Turkey discovered that the CS gas canisters used by the Turkish police were made in Brazil.

Both police forces have been also strongly criticized for the use of excessive force. In Turkey, the police union said that at least six policemen had committed suicide due to the stress that they were being put under. In Brazil, the video of a cop refusing to crack down on protesters and being fired on the spot by his superior has gone viral on YouTube.